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論張純甫「消極退守」的文化觀與修養論 A Study on Chang Chun-fu’s Cultural Perspective and the Theory of Cultivation on “Negative and Regression”

作者
游騰達
Author
You, Teng-da
摘要

日治時期,北臺大儒張純甫先生(名津梁,號興漢,1888~1941)的著名論點——「是非雙十說」(是左十說與非墨十說),多為學界所熟知,亦多有研究評議,然在此兩議題之外,他還曾與友人魚雁往返討論「積極」與「消極」兩說之是非,則較少為學界所關注。
當時純甫先生力排眾議,堅稱「消極退守」之說為是,而「積極進取」之說陷求名逐利之弊。學界或以其說近乎道家「無為自然」之主張,於著重人文化成之儒學思想有所不切。然筆者綜覈先生之論,發現其反覆申論:所謂的「消極」,即「進/退」這一對反詞組中的「退」字,進一步言之,當以《中庸》的「君子素其位而行」一概念來加以體會,若採現代的語言詮解之,則是「退至現有地位而行吾素者」,亦即「知止」、「安貧」、「反本」、「克己」的修養論,以及對中國文化的獨特認識。
又將純甫先生上述發生於1930年前後的爭辯論點,取之與時任北京大學教席、當代新儒學的核心開創人物梁漱溟(原名煥鼎,字壽銘,1893~1988)出版於1921年的《東西文化及其哲學》相互比觀,正可發現其中頗有相映成趣的精采處。蓋梁著分析中、西、印三方文化言:西方文化以「意欲向前要求」為根本精神,中國文化則以「意欲自為調和、持中」為根本精神,至於印度文化則是以「意欲反身向後」為根本精神。經過此一參照比觀,或可回歸到當時的時空背景,對純甫先生之說得一善解,並給予合適的評議與學術定位。

Abstract

This essay discusses an East-West cultural debate on “positive” and “negative” provoked by Chang Chun-fu during the Japanese colonial period.At that time, Mr. Chang held his opinion against the majority. He firmly believed in “positive” instead of “negative” which has a fault of chasing for profits.
This study indicates that the word “negative” should be understood with “Zhongyong” ‘s “junzi just did his duty”.That is, through a cultural perspective and the theory of cultivation on “extension of knowledge”, “content with poverty” and “return of Tradition”.Compared with Liang Shuming’s “Eastern and Western Cultures and Philosophies”, we can discover that there are some interesting correspondents.Therefore, we can know that they both put forward arguments of self-identity to face their culture shock.